Resumen
Los factores relacionados con el tratamiento terapéutico constituyen importantes predictores asociados a la prevención de recaídas durante la recuperación de las drogodependencias. Sin embargo, aún es necesario investigar por qué algunos de los elementos propios del periodo de rehabilitación son lo suficientemente efectivos para elevar significativamente las probabilidades de remisión de los trastornos por abuso de sustancias. Por ello, el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la manera en que la interrelación de las variables predictoras agrupadas en el dominio del tratamiento influyen o contrarrestan el retorno al consumo de drogas en usuarios drogodependientes. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática en las bases de datos EBSCO, Scopus y Science Direct que abarcó el período de 2011 a 2020. Después de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, establecidos a partir de la estrategia PICOS, se seleccionó un total de ocho artículos, de los cuales la mayoría tenían diseños aleatorios controlados, con cifras de participantes superiores a mil usuarios, seguimientos longitudinales de más de doce meses y procedimientos estadísticos multivariados. Las principales variables predictoras identificadas fueron la calidad de los programas de autoayuda de doce pasos, el apoyo de pares, los tratamientos grupales, la atención plena, la duración del tratamiento y el tipo de servicios (ambulatorios o residenciales). Los estudios que denotaron tener una mayor consistencia destacan la importancia de la participación comprometida en grupos de autoayuda, la calidad de las actividades propuestas en los programas de doce pasos y el apoyo de pares como componentes clave para prevenir recaídas durante la recuperación de las drogodependencias.
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