Resumen
Antecedentes. La insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) es una enfermedad crónica cuyos síntomas y evolución ocasionan limitaciones físicas y deterioro psicológico importantes. Las personas que padecen IC con depresión y ansiedad perciben su calidad de vida especialmente deteriorada. Objetivo. El presente estudio examinó la eficacia de una intervención cognitivo-conductual vía telefónica para la reducción de sintomatología depresiva en pacientes con IC. Medición. Se registraron valores de sintomatología depresiva con versiones validadas del BDI-II, de sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva, con el HADS y la calidad de vida física y emocional en IC con el Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire. Se aplicó adicionalmente una escala visual numérica para evaluar el nivel de ansiedad percibida y un registro de activación conductual sobre frecuencia de conductas meta por día. Procedimiento. A partir de un análisis piloto de detección de necesidades se diseñó la intervención con estructura modular. Después de revisar conceptualmente a profundidad con los participantes los temas de entrenamiento en relajación, activación conductual, solución de problemas, pensamientos disfuncionales y prevención de recaídas, se implementaron técnicas clínicas específicas sobre esas variables. Diseño. El estudio utilizó un diseño intrasujetos AB con seguimiento a un mes. Resultados. Los principales hallazgos muestran que la intervención fue efectiva en pacientes relativamente estables en sentido médico, con un menor efecto en pacientes con sintomatología física exacerbada. La calidad de vida percibida mostró tendencia hacia la mejoría sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Conclusión. El tratamiento de la sintomatología depresiva en IC con este formato de atención resultó viable y de fácil acceso para participantes en condiciones de vulnerabilidad socioeconómica.
Citas
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