Abstract
The Health Belief Model (HBM) has been widely used since the 1950s to explain and predict human behavior related to health. This model remains valid in studies on some current conditions such as COVID-19. Although its usefulness is widely accepted, the complexity of decisions on preventive behaviors raises the importance of examining its relevance in the older adult population due to their high risk of developing severe disease symptoms. Objective: To analyze the findings of studies conducted in different countries using the MCS to prevent the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Method: A systematic review was conducted on the PubMed database from 2020 to 2022 through the keywords: health belief model, preventive behavior, older adults, and COVID-19 pandemic. Over 187 articles were retrieved, of which 12 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Results: Some studies linked sociodemographic variables with health care; others found that online media influences the amount of information, and preventive behavior is affected by the cost or lack of health supplies. Discussion: Future studies should consider the sociocultural dimension, the gender perspective, and the use of qualitative methodology to analyze the beliefs of older adults.
References
Bechard, L., Bergelt, M., Neudorf, B., DeSouza, T. y Middleton, L. (2021). Using the health belief model to understand age differences in perceptions and responses to the Covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.609893
Chen, Y., Zhou, R., Chen, B., Chen, H., Li, Y., Chen, Z., Zhu, H. y Wang, H. (2020). Knowledge, perceived beliefs, and preventive behaviors related to Covid-19 among Chinese older adults: cross-sectional web-based survey. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(12). Doi: 10.2196/23729
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (2020). Covid-19: Recomendaciones generales para la atención a personas mayores desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos. Ciudad de México: CEPAL. Recuperado de https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45316/4/S2000271_es.pdf
DeDonno, M., Levy, J. Y Morris, J. (2022). Perceived susceptibility and severity of Covid-19 on prevention practices, early in the pandemic in the state of Florida. Journal of Community Health, 47. Doi: 10.1007/s10900-022-01090-8
Duan, T., Jiang, H., Deng, X., Zhang, Q., Wang, F. (2020). Government intervention, risk perception, and the adoption of protective action recommendations: Evidence from the Covid-19 prevention and control experience of China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3387. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103387
Fattahi, H., Ghasemi, F., Fattahi, A. (2022). Effective factors in people’s preventive behaviors during Covid-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-synthesis. BMC Public Health, 22, 12-18. Doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13621-y
Fernandes, M. (2020). Health belief model for coronavirus infection risk determinants. Revista de Saúde Pública, 54(47). Doi: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002494
Gobierno de México (2023). Covid-19 México. México. Recuperado de https://datos.covid-19.conacyt.mx/
González, C., Orozco, K., Samper, R. y Wong, R. (2021). Adultos mayores en riesgo de Covid-19 y sus vulnerabilidades socioeconómicas y familiares: un análisis con el ENASEM. Papeles de Población, 27(107). Doi: 10.22185/24487147.2021.107.06
González, J., Ubillos, S., Puente, A. y Gracia, M. (2021). Perceived vulnerability and severity predict adherence to Covid-19 protection measures: the mediating role of instrumental coping. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.674032
Karimy, M., Bastami, F., Sharifat, R., Babaei, A., Heydarabadi, A., Pakpour, A., Cheraghian, B., Zamani, F., Jasemzadeh, M. y Araban, M. (2021). Factors related to preventive Covid-19 behaviors using health belief model among general population: a cross-sectional study in Iran. BMC Public Health, 21. Doi.10.1186/s12889-021-11983-3
Kim, S. y Kim, S. (2020). Analysis of the impact of health beliefs and resource factors on preventive behaviors against the Covid-19 pandemic. Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22). Doi: 10.3390/ijerph17228666
Leung, G., Lamm, T., Ho, L., Ho, S., Chan, B., Wong, I. y Hedley, A. (2003). The impact of community psychological responses on outbreak control for severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57, 857-863. Doi: 10.1136/jech.57.11.857
Mahindarathne, P. (2021). Assessing Covid-19 preventive behaviours using the health belief model: A Sri Lankan study. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 16(6). Doi: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.07.006
Mirzaei, A., Kazembeigi, F., Kakaei, H., Jalilian, M., Mazloomi, S. y Nourmoradi, H. (2021). Application of health belief model to predict Covid-19 preventive behaviors among a sample of Iranian adult population. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 10. Doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_747_20
Nadal, J. (2019). Observaciones sobre encuentros entre hermenéutica, pragmática y análisis del discurso. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, 64(236). Doi: 10.22201/fcpys.2448492xe.2019.236.63489
Noghabi, A., Mohammadzadeh, F., Yoshany, N. y Javanbakht, S. (2021). The prevalence of preventive behaviors and associated factors during the early phase of the Covid-19 pandemic among Iranian people: Application of a Health Belief Model. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, 62(1), 60-66. Doi: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.1.1622
ONU Mujeres (2019). Asia y el Pacífico. Estados unidos: ONU. Recuperado de https://www.unwomen.org/es/where-we-are/asia-and-the-pacific
Organización Mundial de la Salud (2022). Brote de enfermedad por coronavirus (Covid-19): Orientaciones para el público. Ginebra: OMS. Recuperado de https://www.who.int/es/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public
Organización de las Naciones Unidas (2021). Europa tiene que abordar el envejecimiento de su población ya. Nueva York: ONU. Recuperado de https://news.un.org/es/story/2021/03/1489612
Organización Panamericana de la Salud (2020). La Covid-19 y adultos mayores. Washington: OPS. Recuperado de https://www.paho.org/es/envejecimiento-saludable/ covid-19-adultos-mayores
Ramírez, A. y Arbesú, M. (2019). El objeto de conocimiento en la investigación cualitativa: Un asunto epistemológico. Enfermería Universitaria, 16(4). Doi: 10.22201/eneo.23958421e.2019.4.735
Regi, J., Narendran, M., Bindu, A., Beevi, N., Manju, L. y Benny, P. (2020). Public perception and preparedness for the pandemic Covid-19: A Health Belief Model approach. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 9. Doi: 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.06.009
Rosenstock, I. (1974). The Health Belief Model and preventive health behavior. Health Education Monographs, 2, 354-386. Doi: 10.1177/109019817400200405
Shahnazi, H., Ahmadi-Livani, M., Pahlavanzadeh, B., Rajabi, A., Hamrah, M. y Charkazi, A. (2020). Assessing preventive health behaviors from Covid-19 based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) among people in Golestan province: A cross-sectional study in Northern Iran. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 17, 9(1), 157. Doi: 10.1186/s40249-020-00776-2
Siebenhofer, A., Könczol, C., Jeitler, K., Schmid, D., Elliot, P. y Avian, A. (2022). Predictors for adherent behavior in the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional telephone survey. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. Doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.894128
Tong, K., Honglei, J., Wing, E. y Wu, A. (2020). Adherence to Covid-19 precautionary measures: applying the health belief model and generalised social beliefs to a probability community sample. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 12(4). Doi: 10.1111/aphw.12230