Abstract
The relationship between early life stress and post-traumatic stress disorder in adults with primary chronic pain (PCP) is not fully understood. This systematic review aims to explain, analyze, and summarize information to understand how adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) or early life stress and their relationship with the development of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms in adulthood, could imply the later development of primary chronic pain. Of 133 eligible articles, nine that met the inclusion criteria for this study were selected. Four of the studies concluded that there is a probability of severity of somatic symptoms (such as PCP) in those who experienced ACE with a diagnostic presence of PTSD.
References
Afari, N., Ahumada, S.M., Johnson-Wright, L., Mostoufi, S., Golnari, G., Reis, V. y Gundy, C.J. (2014). Psychological trauma and functional somatic syndromes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 76(1), 2-11. Doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000010
Andersen, T.E., Andersen, L.A.C. y Andersen, P.G. (2014). Chronic pain patients with possible co-morbid posttraumatic stress disorder admitted to multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation –A 1-year cohort study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5. Doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v5.23235
Asociación Internacional para el Estudio del Dolor (IASP) (2020). Nueva definición de dolor según la IASP. Washington: IASP. Recuperado de https://www.dolor.com/para-sus-pacientes/tipos-de-dolor/nueva-definicion-dolor
Barragán B., A.J., Mejía A., S. y Gutiérrez R., L.M. (2007). Dolor en adultos mayores de 50 años: prevalencia y factores asociados. Salud Pública de México, 49(Suplemento 4), 488-494. Recuperado de https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/salpubmex/sal-2007/sals074h.pdf
Bierer, L., M., Heather, N. Bader, N. Daskalakis, P. Lehrner, A., Provençal, N., Wiechmann, T., Klengel, T., Makotkine, I., Binder, E.B. y Yehuda, R. (2020). Intergenerational effects of maternal holocaust exposure on FKBP5 methylation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 177(8), 744-753. Doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19060618
Chandan, J.S., Keerthy, D., Zemedikun, D.T., Okoth, K., Gokhale, K.M., Raza, K., Bandyopadhyay, S., Taylor, J. y Nirantharakumar, K. (2020). The association between exposure to childhood maltreatment and the subsequent development of functional somatic and visceral pain syndromes. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 23. Doi: 10.1016/J.ECLINM.2020.100392
Coppens, E., P., van Wambeke, B., Morlion, N., Weltens, H., Giao, L., Tack, .J. Luyten, P. y van Oudenhove. L. (2017). Prevalence and impact of childhood adversities and post-traumatic stress disorder in women with fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain. European Journal of Pain, 21(9), 1582-1590. Doi: 10.1002/ejp.1059
Denk, F., McMahon, S.B. y Tracey, I. (2014). Pain vulnerability: a neurobiological perspective. Nature Neuroscience, 17(2), 192-200. Doi: 10.1038/nn.3628
Driscoll, M.A., Higgins, D.M., Seng, E.K., Buta, E., Joseph, L., Goulet, A.A., Heapy, R.D., Kerns, B., Haskell, C.A. y Sally, G. (2015). Trauma, social support, family conflict, and chronic pain in recent service veterans does gender matter. Pain Medicine, 16(6), 1101-1111. Doi: 10.1111/pme.12744
Felitti, V.J., Robert, F.. Anda, D., Nordenberg, D.F., Williamson, A.M., Spitz, V., Edwards, M., Koss, P. y James. S.M. (2019). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 56(6), 774-786. Doi: 10.1016/J.AMEPRE.2019.04.001
García A., J. (2017). Manejo básico del dolor agudo y crónico. Anestesia en México, 29(1), 77-85.
Gasperi, M., Afari, N., Goldberg, J., Suri, P. y Panizzon, M.S. (2021). Pain and trauma: the role of criterion a trauma and stressful life events in the pain and PTSD relationship. The Journal of Pain, 22(11), 1506-1517. Doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.04.015
Gillespie, N.A., Zhu, G., Heath, A.C., Hickie, I.B. y Martin, N.G. (2000). The genetic aetiology of somatic distress. Psychological Medicine, 30(5), 1051-1061. Doi: 10.1017/S0033291799002640
Hellou, R., Häuser, W., Brenner, I. , Buskila, D., Jacob, G., Elkayam, O., Aloush, V. y Ablin, J.N. (2017). Self-reported childhood maltreatment and traumatic events among Israeli patients suffering from fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis. Pain Research & Management, 3865249. Doi: 10.1155/2017/3865249
Henningsen, P., Zipfel, S., H Sattel, H. y Creed, F. (2018). Management of functional somatic syndromes and bodily distress. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 87(1), 12-31. Doi: 10.1159/000484413
Hossack, M.R., Matthew, W.. Reid, J.K., Aden, T., Gibbons, J., Noe, C. y Willis, A.M. (2020). Adverse childhood experience, genes, and PTSD risk in soldiers: A methylation study. Military Medicine, 185(3-4), 377-384. Doi: 10.1093/milmed/usz292
Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Hyland, P., Efthymiadou, E., Wilson, D., Roberts, N., Bisson, J.I., Brewin, C.R. y Cloitre, M. (2017). Evidence of distinct profiles of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) based on the new ICD-11 Trauma Questionnaire (ICD-TQ). Journal of Affective Disorders, 1(207), 181-187. Doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.032
Kato, K., Sullivan, P.F. y Pedersen, N.L. (2010). Latent class analysis of functional somatic symptoms in a population-based sample of twins. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68(5), 447-453. Doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.01.010
Kessler, R.C., Sherri, R., Karestan, C.. Koenen, E.G., Karam, P.E., Stang, D.J., Stein, S.G., Heeringa, E.D., Hill, I., Liberzon, K.A., McLaughlin, S.A., McLean, B.E., Pennell, M.P., Anthony, J.. Rosellini, A.,M., Ruscio, V., Shahly, A.Y., Shalev, Silove, D., Zaslavsky, A.M., Angermeyer, M.C., Bromet, J., Caldas de Almeida, J.M., de Girolamo, G., Jonge, P., Demyttenaere, K., Florescu, S.E. Gureje, O., Haro, J.M., Hinkov, H., Kawakami, N., Kovess-Masfety, V., Lee, S., Medina-Mora, M.E., Murphy, S.D., Navarro M., F., Piazza, M., Posada V., J., Scott, K., Torres, Y. y Viana, M.C. (2014). How well can post-traumatic stress disorder be predicted from pre-trauma risk factors? An exploratory study in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. World Psychiatry, 13(3), 265-274. Doi: 10.1002/wps.20150
Lanius, R.A., Frewen, P.A., Vermetten, E. y Yehuda, R. (2010). Fear conditioning and early life vulnerabilities: two distinct pathways of emotional dysregulation and brain dysfunction in PTSD. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 1(1), 54-67. Doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v1i0.5467
Lehmann, S., Breivik, K., Monette, S. y Minnis, H. (2020). Potentially traumatic events in foster youth, and association with DSM-5 trauma- and stressor related symptoms. Child Abuse & Neglect, 101, 104374. Doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104374
Lembo, A.J., Zaman, M., Krueger, R.F., Tomenson, B.M. y Creed, F.H. (2009). Psychiatric disorder, irritable bowel syndrome and extra-intestinal symptoms in a population-based sample of twins. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 104(3), 686-694. Doi: 10.1038/ajg.2009.23
Margarit, C. (2019). La nueva clasificación internacional de enfermedades (CIE-11) y el dolor crónico. Implicaciones prácticas (Editorial). Revista de la Sociedad Española del Dolor, 26(4), 209-210. Doi: 10.20986/resed.2019.3752/2019
Martucci, K.T. y Mackey, S.C. (2018). Neuroimaging of pain: Human evidence and clinical relevance of central nervous system processes and modulation. Anesthesiology, 128(6), 1241-1254. Doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002137
McCall-Hosenfeld, J.S., Winter, M., Heeren, T. y Liebschutz. M.J. (2014). The association of interpersonal trauma with somatic symptom severity in a primary care population with chronic pain: exploring the role of gender and the mental health sequelae of trauma. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 77(3), 196-204. Doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.07.011
McEwen, B.S. (2017). Epigenetic interactions and the brain-body communication. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 86(1), 1-4. Doi: 10.1159/000449150.
McKernan, L.C., Johnson, B.N., Crofford, L.J., Lumley, M,A., Bruehl, S. y Cheavens, J.S. (2019a). Posttraumatic stress symptoms mediate the effects of trauma exposure on clinical indicators of central sensitization in patients with chronic pain”. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 35(5), 385-393. Doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000689
McKernan, L.C., Johnson, B.N., Reynolds, W.S., Williams, D.A., Cheavens, J.S., Dmochowski, R.R. y Crofford, L.J. (2019b). Posttraumatic stress disorder in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: Relationship to patient phenotype and clinical practice implications. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 38(1), 353-362. Doi: 10.1002/nau.23861
Morgart, K., Harrison, J.N., Hoon, A.H. Jr. y Wilms Floet, A.M. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and developmental disabilities: risks, resiliency, and policy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 63(10), 1149-1154. Doi: 10.1111/dmcn.14911
Nijs, J., Lahousse, A., Kapreli, E., Bilika, P., Saraçoğlu, İ., Malfliet, A., Coppieters, I., de Baets, L., Leysen, L., Roose, E., Clark, J., Voogt, L. y Huysmans E. (2021). Nociplastic pain criteria or recognition of central sensitization? Pain phenotyping in the past, present and future. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(15). Doi: 10.3390/JCM10153203
Organización Mundial de la Salud (2019). Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-11). OMS. Recuperado de https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/es
Owen, C. (2020). Obscure dichotomy of early childhood trauma in PTSD versus attachment disorders. Trauma, Violence &Abuse, 21(1), 83-96. Doi: 10.1177/1524838017742386
Pitron, V., Ranque, B., Vulser, H., Rotgé, J.Y., Limosin, F. y Lemogne, C. (2019). Troubles somatiques fonctionnels: un modèle cognitif pour mieux les comprendre. La Revue de Médecine Interne, 40(7), 466-473. Doi: 10.1016/j.revmed.2019.04.005
Prangnell, A., Shoveller, J., Voon, P., Shulha, H., Grant, M.J., Cameron, M., Kerr, T. y Hayashi, K. (2020). The impact of childhood emotional abuse on pain interference among people with chronic pain who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada. Pain Medicine, 21(4), 704-713. Doi: 10.1093/pm/pnz233
Rabhi, M., Ennibi, K., Chaari, J. y Toloune, F. (2010). Les syndromes somatiques fonctionnels. Revue de Medecine Interne, 31(1), 17-22. Doi: 10.1016/j.revmed.2009.03.011
Radici, G., Preti, M., Vieira-Baptista, P., Colleen, K., Stockdale, J. y Bornstein, J. (2020). The International Classification of Diseases (11th Revision): A step-back for women with vulvodynia? Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease, 24(3), 332-333. Doi: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000513
Restrepo, M. y Restrepo, D. (2019). Del trastorno conversivo a los trastornos neurológicos funcionales. ¿Superando el diagnóstico por descarte? Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 48(3), 174-181. Doi: 10.1016/j.rcp.2017.10.005
Sachs-Ericsson, N.J., Sheffler, J.L., Stanley, I.H., Piazza, J.R. y Preacher, K.J. (2017). When emotional pain becomes physical: adverse childhood experiences: pain, and the role of mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(10), 1403-1428. Doi: 10.1002/jclp.22444
Sharp, T.J. y Harvey, A.G. (2001). Chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder: mutual maintenance? Clinical Psychology Review, 21(6), 857-877. Doi: 10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00071-4
Smith, K.E., Bunting, A.M., Golder, S., Hall, M.T., Higgins, G.E. y Logan, T.K. (2019). Prevalence and correlates of disability among a sample of victimized women on probation and parole. Journal of Correctional Health Care, 25(2), 143-161. Doi: 10.1177/1078345819833387
Smith, R., Persich, M., Lane, R.D. y Killgore W.D.S. (2022). Higher emotional awareness is associated with greater domain-
general reflective tendencies. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 3123. Doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07141-3
Sprang, G., Bush, H.M. Coker, A.L. y Brancato. C.J. (2020). Types of trauma and self-reported pain that limits functioning in different-aged cohorts. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(23-24), 5953-75. Doi: 10.1177/0886260517723144
Tesarz, J., Gerhardt, A. y Eich, W. (2018). Influence of early childhood stress exposure and traumatic life events on pain perception. Schmerz, 32(4), 243249. Doi: 10.1007/s00482-018-0301-y
Vega A., M. y Núñez U., G. (2018). Adverse childhood experiences: Bibliometric mapping of the scientific literature in the web of science. Revista Cubana de Información en Ciencias de la Salud, 29(1), 25-40.
Wang, V.C. y Mullally, Wi. J. (2020). Pain neurology. The American Journal of Medicine, 133(3), 273-280. Doi: 10.1016/J.AMJMED.2019.07.029
Ware, J.E. y Sherbourne, C.D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30(6), 473-483.