Abstract
Antecedents. Self-compassion is the capacity to be in contact with one’s own suffering, while maintaining an open attitude towards the experience, and generating the motivation to alleviate it through a kind attitude, free of prejudice. It also includes understanding painful experiences as a common phenomenon in human existence. Objective. The aim of the present study was to adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Self-compassion Scale in Mexico. Method/participants. A total of 343 Mexican citizens, recruited through a non-probabilistic sampling participated. Results. Data analysis revealed good reliability of the instrument and adequate goodness-of-fit for the scale, thus confirming a six-factor structure and a higher order factor. Discussion. It is concluded that this instrument is adequate to assess Self-compassion in Mexico.
References
Arimitsu, K. (2014). Development and validation of the Japanese version of the Self-Compassion Scale. The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 85(1), 50-59. Doi: 10.4992/jjpsy.85.50.
Bandalos, D.L. (2014). Relative performance of categorical diagonally weighted least squares and robust maximum likelihood estimation. Structural Equation Modeling, 21, 102-116. Doi: 10.1080/10705511.2014.859510.
Barnard, L.K. y Curry, J.F. (2011). Self-compassion: Conceptualizations, correlates and interventions. Review of General Psychology, 15(4), 289-303. Doi: 10.1037/a0025754.
Bennett-Goleman, T. (2001). Emotional alchemy: How the mind can heal the heart. New York: Three Rivers Press.
Bonermann, B. y Singer, T. (2013). A cognitive neuroscience perspective. The resource model of compassion. En T. Singer y M. Bolz (Eds.): Compassion. Bridging practice and science (pp. 179-191). Munich: Max Planck Society.
Brooks, M., Kay-Lambkin, F., Bowman, J. y Childs, S. (2012). Self-compassion amongst clients with problematic alcohol use. Mindfulness, 3(4), 308-317. Doi: 10.1007/s12671-012-0106-5.
Castilho, P., Pinto G., J. y Duarte, J. (2015). Evaluating the multifactor structure of the long and short versions of the self- compassion scale in a clinical sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(9), 856-870. Doi: 10.1002/jclp.22187.
Costa, J., Marôco, J., Pinto G., J., Ferreira, C. y Castilho, P. (2016). Validation of the psychometric properties of the Self-Compassion Scale. Clinical Psychology y Psychotherapy, 23, 460-468. Doi: 10.1002/cpp.1974.
Crego, C. y Widiger, T.A. (2014). Psychopathy, DSM-5, and a caution. Personality Disorders, 5, 335-347. Doi: 10.1037/per0000078.
De Souza, L.K. y Hutz, C.S. (2016). Adaptation of the Self-Compassion Scale for use in Brazil: Evidences of construct validity. Trends in Psychology, 24, 159-172. Doi: 10.9788/TP2016.1-11.
Dundas, I., Svendsen, J.L., Wiker, A.S., Granli, K.V. y Schanche, E. (2016). Self-compassion and depressive symptoms in a Norwegian student sample. Nordic Psychology, 68, 58-72. Doi: 10.1080/19012276.2015.1071203.
Finney, S.J. y DiStefano, C. (2006). Non-normal and categorical data in structural equation modeling. En G. R. Hancock y R. D. Mueller (Eds.): Structural equation modeling: A second course (pp. 269-314). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Gilbert, P., Catarino, F., Duarte, C., Matos, M., Kolts, R., Stubbs, J. y Basran, J. (2017). The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others. Journal of Compassionate Health Care, 4, 4. Doi: 10.1186/s40639-017-0033-3.
Gilbert, P., Clarke, M., Hempel, S., Miles, J.N. y Irons, C. (2004). Criticizing and reassuring oneself: An exploration of forms, styles and reasons in female students. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 31-50. Doi: 10.1348/014466504772812959.
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M. y Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self-report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84, 239-255. Doi: 10.1348/147608310X526511.
Gilbert, P. y Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self‐criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory and Practice, 13(6), 353-379. Doi: 10.1002/cpp.507.
Goetz, J.L., Keltner, D. y Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: An evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(3), 351-374. Doi: 10.1037/a0018807.
Hupfeld, J. y Ruffieux, N. (2011). Validation of a German version of the self-compassion scale (SCS-D). Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 40(2), 115-123. Doi: 10.1026/1616-3443/a000088.
López T., A. y Moreno C., A.B. (2019). Escala de Compasión (ECOM) para población mexicana. Psicología y Salud, 29(1), 25-32. Doi: 10.25009/pys.v29i1.2565.
López, A., Sanderman, R. y Schroevers, M.J. (2018) A close examination of the relationship between self-compassion and depressive symptoms. Mindfulness, 9, 1470-1478. Doi: 10.1007/s12671-018-0891-6.
López, A., Sanderman, R., Smink, A., Zhang, Y., van Sonderen, E., Ranchor, A. y Schroevers, M.J. (2015). A reconsideration of the Self-Compassion Scale’s total score: Self-compassion versus selfcriticism. PLoS ONE, 10, e0132940. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132940.
Marsh, H.W., Morin, A.J.S., Parker, P.D. y Kaur, G. (2014). Exploratory structural equation modeling: An integration of the best features of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 85-110. Doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153700.
Marsh, I.C., Chan, S.W.Y. y MacBeth, A. (2018). Self-compassion and psychological distress in adolescents: a meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 9,1011-1027. Doi: 10.1007/s12671-017-0850-7.
Montero M., J., Gaete, J., Demarzo, M., Rodero, B., Serrano L., L.C. y Garcí C., J. (2016). Self-criticism: a measure of uncompassionate behaviors toward the self, based on the negative components of the Self-Compassion Scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1281. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01281.
Morin, A.J.S., Marsh, H.W. y Nagengast, B. (2013). Exploratory structural equation modeling. En G. R. Hancock y R. O. Mueller (Eds.): Structural equation modeling: A second course (pp. 395-436). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, Inc.
Muthén, L.K. y Muthén, B.O. (2017). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Authors.
Neff, K.D. (2003a). Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250. Doi: 10.1080/15298860309027.
Neff, K.D. (2003b). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85-102. Doi: 10.1080/15298860309032.
Neff, K.D. (2012). The science of self-compassion. En C. Germer y R. Siegel (Eds.): Compassion and wisdom in Psychotherapy (pp. 79-92). New York: The Guilford Press.
Neff, K.D. y Germer, C.K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self‐compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28-44. Doi: 10.1002/jclp.21923.
Neff, K.D. y Germer, C. (2017). Self-compassion and psychological wellbeing. En J. Doty (Ed.): Oxford handbook of compassion science (pp. 371-386). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Neff, K.D., Kirkpatrick, K. y Rude, S.S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 139-154. Doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.004.
Neff, K.D. y Pommier, E. (2013). The relationship between self-compassion and other- focused concern among college undergraduates, community adults, and practicing meditators. Self and Identity, 12, 160-176. Doi: 10.1080/15298868.2011.649546.
Neff, K.D., Tóth-Király, I., Yarnell, L.M., Arimitsu, K., Castilho, P., Ghorbani, N., Guo, H.X., Hirsch, J.K., Hupfeld, J., Hutz, C.S., Kotsou, I., Lee, W.K., Montero-Marin, J., Sirois, F.M., de Souza, L.K., Svendsen, J.L., Wilkinson, R.B. y Mantzios, M. (2019). Examining the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale in 20 diverse samples: Support for use of a total score and six subscale scores. Psychological Assessment, 31(1), 27-45. Doi: 10.1037/pas0000629.
Ozawa S., B., Dodson L., B., Raison, C. y Negi, L. (2012). Compassion and ethics: Scientific and practical approaches to the cultivation of compassion as a foundation for ethical subjectivity and well-being. Journal of Healthcare, Science and the Humanities, 2(1), 145-161.
Petrocchi, N., Ottaviani, C. y Couyoumdjian, A. (2014). Dimensionality of self-compassion: Translation and construct validation of the self- compassion scale in an Italian sample. Journal of Mental Health, 23(2), 72-77. Doi: 10.3109/09638237.2013.841869.
Phelps, C.L., Paniagua, S.M., Willcockson, I.U. y Potter, J.S. (2018). The relationship between self-compassion and the risk for substance use disorder. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 183, 78-81. Doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.026.
Singer, T. y Kilmecki, O.M. (2014). Empathy and compassion. Current Biology, 24(18), 875-878. Recuperado de https://www.cell.com/current-biology/comments/S0960-9822(14)00770-2.
Soysa, C.K. y Wilcomb, C.J. (2015). Mindfulness, self-compassion, self-efficacy, and gender as predictors of depression, anxiety, stress, and well-being. Mindfulness, 6, 217-226. Doi: 10.1007/s12671-013-0247-1.
Strauss, C., Lever-Taylor, B., Gu, J., Kuyken, W., Baer, R., Jones, F. y Cavanagh, K. (2016). What is compassion and how can we measure it? A review of definitions and measures. Clinical Psychology Review, 47, 15-27. Doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.05.004.
Watson, D.C., Lee, A. y Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Williams, M.J., Dalgleish, T., Karl, A. y Kuyken, W. (2014). Examining the factor structures of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the Self-Compassion Scale. Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 407-418. Doi: 10.1037/a0035566.