Resumen
Aunque el engaño es ubicuo en las interacciones humanas (incluyendo las relaciones entre profesionales de la salud y pacientes), en la psicología su estudio se ha efectuado por medio de autorreportes o metodologías no experimentales, principalmente, lo que limita la validez de los hallazgos y compromete su generalización. La presente investigación examina las aproximaciones actuales al estudio del engaño por parte de las neurociencias cognitivas, así como por la psicología y la economía experimental. Se subraya el papel que pueden tener los diseños experimentales y la relación de la conducta de engaño con ciertos mecanismos regulatorios del comportamiento para mejorar la validez y generalización de los hallazgos. También se discuten algunas razones por las que el engaño está presente en las interacciones entre los profesionales de la salud y los pacientes, sus causas y consecuencias más evidentes, y algunas de sus manifestaciones psiquiátricas más problemáticas.Citas
Abe, N. (2011). How the brain shapes deception: An integrated review of the literature. The Neuroscientist, 17(5), 560-574. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858410393359.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, D.C.: APA. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.744053.
Amodio, D.M. y Frith, C.D. (2006). Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 7(4), 268-277. Doi: 10.1038/nrn1884.
Ariely, D. y Norton, M.I. (2007). Psychology and experimental economics: a gap in abstraction. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(6), 336-339. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00531.x.
Baumgartner, T., Fischbacher, U., Feierabend, A., Lutz, K. y Fehr, E. (2009). The neural circuitry of a broken promise. Neuron, 64(5), 756-770. Doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.11.017.
Baumgartner, T., Gianotti, L.R.R. y Knoch, D. (2013). Who is honest and why: Baseline activation in anterior insula predicts inter-individual differences in deceptive behavior. Biological Psychology, 94(1), 192-197. Doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.05.018.
Bhanji, J.P. y Delgado, M.R. (2014). The social brain and reward: Social information processing in the human striatum. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 5(1), 61-73. Doi: 10.1002/wcs.1266.
Board, B.J. y Fritzon, K. (2005). Disordered personalities at work. Psychology, Crime and Law, 11(1), 17-32. Doi: 10.1080/ 10683160310001634304.
Canessa, N., Crespi, C., Motterlini, M., Baud-Bovy, G., Chierchia, G., Pantaleo, G., Cappa, S.F. (2013). The functional and structural neural basis of individual differences in loss aversion. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(36), 14307-14317. Doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0497-13.2013.
Charness, G. y Dufwenberg, M. (2006). Promises and partnership. Econometrica, 74(6), 1579-1601. Doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00719.x.
Chib, V.S., De Martino, B., Shimojo, S. y O’Doherty, J.P. (2012). Neural mechanisms underlying paradoxical performance for monetary incentives are driven by loss aversion. Neuron, 74(3), 582-594. Doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.038.
Crawford, V.P. y Sobel, J. (1982). Strategic information transmission. Econometrica, 50(6), 1431-1451. Doi: 10.2307/1913390.
Erat, S. y Gneezy, U. (2012). White lies. Management Science, 58(4), 723-733. Doi: 10.1287/mnsc.1110.1449.
Fareri, D.S. y Delgado, M.R. (2014). Differential reward responses during competition against in- and out-of-network others. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(4), 412-420. Doi: 10.1093/scan/nst006.
Fareri, D.S., Niznikiewicz, M.A., Lee, V.K. y Delgado, M.R. (2012). Social network modulation of reward-related signals. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(26), 9045-9052. Doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0610-12.2012.
Fehr, E. y Camerer, C.F. (2007). Social neuroeconomics: the neural circuitry of social preferences. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(10), 419-427. Doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2007.09.002.
Fischbacher, U. y Föllmi-Heusi, F. (2013). Lies in disguise-an experimental study on cheating. Journal of the European Economic Association, 11(3), 525-547. Doi: 10.1111/jeea.12014.
Gneezy, U. (2005). Deception: The role of consequences. American Economic Review, 95(1), 384-394. Doi: 10.1257/ 0002828053828662.
Gneezy, U., Rockenbach, B. y Serra G., M. (2013). Measuring lying aversion. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 93, 293-300. Doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2013.03.025.
Hanoch, Y. y Finkelstein, E.A. (2013). Health psychology meets behavioral economics: introduction to special issue. Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 32(9), 929-931. Doi: 10.1037/hea0000009.
Kahneman, D. y Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-292. Doi: 10.2307/1914185.
Kahneman, D. y Tversky, A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist, 39(4), 341–350.
Lisofsky, N., Kazzer, P., Heekeren, H.R. y Prehn, K. (2014). Investigating socio-cognitive processes in deception: A quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Neuropsychologia, 61(1), 113-122. Doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.001.
Russell-Minda, E., Jutai, J.C., Speechley, M., Bradley, K., Petrella, R. (2009). Health technologies for monitoring and managing diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 3(6), 1460-1471.
Sanfey, A.G. (2007). Social decision-making: insights from game theory and neuroscience. Science, 318(5850), 598-602. Doi: 10.1126/science.1142996.
Serota, K.B., Levine, T.R. y Boster, F.J. (2010). The prevalence of lying in America: Three studies of self-reported lies. Human Communication Research, 36(1), 2-25. Doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01366.x.
Sip, K.E., Roepstorff, A., McGregor, W. y Frith, C.D. (2008). Detecting deception: the scope and limits. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(2), 48-53. Doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2007.11.008.
Tom, S.M., Fox, C.R., Trepel, C. y Poldrack, R.A. (2007). The neural basis of loss aversion in decision-making under risk. Science, 315(5811), 515-518. Doi: 10.1126/science.1134239.
Tversky, A. y Kahneman, D. (1992). Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5(4), 297-323. Doi: 10.1007/BF00122574.
Vanberg, C. (2008). Why do people keep their promises? An experimental test of two explanations 1. Econometrica, 76(6), 1467-1480. Doi: 10.3982/ECTA7673.
Volz, K.G., Vogeley, K., Tittgemeyer, M., von Cramon, D.Y. y Sutter, M. (2015). The neural basis of deception in strategic interactions. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9(February), 1-12. Doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00027.
Vrij, A., Granhag, P.A. y Porter, S. (2010). Pitfalls and opportunities in nonverbal and verbal lie detection. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11(3), 89-121. Doi: 10.1177/1529100610390861.
Wiley, S.D. (1998). Deception and detection in psychiatric diagnosis. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21(4), 869-893.
Yates, G.P. y Feldman, M.D. (2016). Factitious disorder: A systematic review of 455 cases in the professional literature. General Hospital Psychiatry, 41, 20-28. Doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2016.05.002.